If you have human papillomavirus (HPV), the virus that causes cervical cancer, you can reduce your risk of developing cervical cancer by quitting smoking and staying away from people who smoke.
The U.S. Surgeon General has identified cervical cancer as strongly associated with smoking tobacco. And although cervical cancer is caused primarily by HPV, cigarette smoking is considered a cofactor, which means that certain types of HPV and cancer-causing chemicals related to smoking may work together to increase your likelihood of developing cancer.
"The more you smoke, the more your risk goes up. Not only that there is also a huge association with secondhand smoke. Even three or four hours a day of passive smoke raises your risk," says gynecologist Rachel Reitan, MD, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the Tulane University School of Medicine. "Stay away from smoking, and stay away from people who smoke."
Cervical Cancer and Smoking
A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that the risk of cervical cancer increased in women who were smokers and in women who were exposed to secondhand smoke even after other factors, such as sexual activity, were taken into account. Women who were exposed to three or more hours of smoke a day had about three times the risk of cervical cancer, and current smokers were found to have 3.4 times the risk of cervical cancer.
How Smoking May Cause Cervical Cancer
The way smoking contributes to cervical cancer is not fully understood. But researchers believe tobacco smoke combined with HPV might become a cervical cancer cause because:
- Smoking might prevent the bodys immune system from effectively fighting HPV.
- Carcinogens from smoking amplify the effect of HPV infection in cervical cells.
- Carcinogens from smoking may move the cancer-growing genetic code more quickly from the virus to cervical cells, especially with the strains of HPV that pose the greatest risk of causing cancer.
"We assume smoking affects immunity," says Dr. Reitan. She says women who have HPV and smoke more than a pack a day significantly increase their risk of developing cervical cancer.
A study performed in Washington showed that after two years, women who quit smoking had the same risk of cervical cancer as women who never smoked. The same study showed that women with active cervical cancer during the screening period were more likely to be those who smoked at least 10 cigarettes a day than nonsmokers. Researchers in this study concluded that women who have HPV should not smoke or should cut down on how much they smoke if they want to reduce their cancer risk.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services offers the following tips for preventing cervical cancer:
- Don't smoke.
- Get regular Pap smears.
- Eat a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
- Use a condom.
- Be monogamous.
Bottom line: You can take action to lower your risk of cervical cancer. Reducing your exposure to smoke is among the best steps you can take.
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